This analytical paper presents a comprehensive longitudinal situation analysis of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Iran, detailing the shifts in the legal, political, and policy landscapes affecting these entities over several decades. Focused on the reformist (1997–2005) and conservative (2005–2013) administrations, and extending to the period of increased securitization and militarization (2013–2021), the paper elucidates the progressively complex environment in which Iranian NGOs operate.

The research, spanning from 2012 to 2021, incorporates interviews with dozens of NGOs, civil activists, and policymakers from both local and central government spheres, particularly those involved in environmental and women’s rights sectors. It reveals that the freedom and scope of NGO activities in Iran are heavily influenced by fluctuations in state policies and attitudes, which vary significantly between different policy domains and levels of government.

The paper argues that sectors perceived as politically sensitive, such as human rights, are heavily surveilled and restricted, whereas areas like environmental protection occasionally enjoy more leniency. This disparity underscores the importance of tailoring support strategies to the specific challenges and opportunities within each domain.

Key findings suggest that international support for Iranian NGOs, while vital, must be approached with caution to avoid exposing these organizations to increased risks, such as security harassment or judicial actions. The paper advocates for strategic, context-sensitive support mechanisms, including:

• Campaigning on social media to raise awareness and apply international pressure.
• Providing specialized training tailored to the needs and risks associated with different sectors.
• Challenging restrictive laws and advocating for more favorable regulatory environments.

Given the current securitized climate, especially under the new administration of Ebrahim Raeesi, the paper stresses the urgency of a nuanced approach that recognizes the varied and often politicized landscape of civil society in Iran. This includes a call for international entities to adapt their support strategies to minimize risks while maximizing the effectiveness of their engagement.